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Conversion Charts


Unit of Measure Conversion Factor

Percent
Parts per Million
Parts per Billion
Parts per Trillion
.001% =
10 ppm =
-
-
.0001% =
1 ppm =
1,000 ppb =
1,000,000 ppt
.00001% =
.1 ppm =
100 ppb =
100,000 ppt
.000001% =
.01 ppm =
10 ppb =
10,000 ppt
-
.001 ppm =
1 ppb =
1,000 ppt
-
.0001 ppm =
1 ppb =
100 ppt
-
-
.01 ppb =
10 ppt
-
-
.001 ppb =
1 ppt

Temperature Conversion Formula

°C to °F
°F to °C
(°C x 9/5) + 32 = °F
(°F–32) x 5/9 = °C

Weight Conversion Table

From / To
g
kg
M.Ton
grain
oz
lb
g
1
0.001
1 x 10-6
15.43
0.03527
0.00220
kg
1000
1
0.001
1.54 x 104
35.27
2.205
Metric Ton
1 x 106
1000
1
1.54 x 107
3.53 x 104
2205
grain
6.48 x 10–2
6.48 x 10–5
6.48 x 10–5
1
2.29 x 10–3
1.43 x 10–4
oz
28.35
0.02835
2.83 x 10–5
437.5
1
0.06250
lb
453.6
0.4536
4.54 x 104
7000
16
1

To convert from a unit shown in the left column, multiply by the factor listed in the column for the desired unit.

Volume Conversion Table

From / To
cm3
liter
m3
in3
ft3
yd3
fl oz
fl pt
fl qt
gal
cm3
1
0.001
1 x 10-6
0.06102
3.53x10 –5
1.31x10–6
0.03381
0.00211
0.00106
2.64x10 –4
liter
1000
1
0.001
61.02
0.03532
0.00131
33.81
2.113
1.057
0.2642
m3
1 x 106
1000
1
6.10x104
35.31
1.308
3.38x104
2113
1057
264.2
in3
16.39
0.01639
1.64x10–5
1
5.79x10–4
2.14x10–5
0.5541
0.03463
0.01732
0.00433
ft3
2.83x104
28.32
0.02832
1728
1
0.03704
957.5
69.84
29.92
7.481
yd3
7.65x105
764.5
0.7646
4.67x104
27
1
2.59x104
1616
807.9
202.0
fl oz
29.57
0.02957
2.96x10-5
1.805
0.00104
3.87x10–5
1
0.06250
0.03125
0.00781
fl pt
473.2
0.4732
473x10–4
28.88
0.01671
619x10–4
16
1
0.6000
0.1250
fl qt
946.4
0.9463
9.46x10–4
57.75
0.03342
0.00124
32
2
1
0.2500
gal
3785
3.786
0.00379
231.0
0.1337
0.00495
128
8
4
1

To convert from a unit shown in the left column, multiply by the factor listed in the column for the desired unit.

Length Conversion Table

From / To
cm
m
km
in
ft
mile
cm
1
100
1 x 10-5
0.3937
0.03281
6.214 x 10–6
m
100
1
0.001
39.37
3.281
6.214 x 10–4
km
1 x 105
1000
1
3.94 x 104
3281
0.6214
in
2.540
0.02540
2.540 x 10–5
1
0.08333
1.578 x10–5
ft
30.48
0.3048
3.048 x 10–4
12
1
18.94 x 10–4
mile
1.609 x 105
1609
1.609
6.336 x 104
5280
1

To convert from a unit shown in the left column, multiply by the factor listed in the column for the desired unit.

Flow Rate Conversion Table

From / To
lit/sec
gal/min
ft3/sec
ft3/min
bbl/hr
bbl/day
lit/sec
1
15.85
2.228 x 10–3
2.119
22.66
543.8
gal/min
6.308 x 10–2
1
3.532 x 10–2
0.1337
1.429
34.30
ft3/sec
28.32
448.8
1
60
641.1
1.54 x 104
ft3/min
0.4719
7.481
1.667 x 10–2
1
10.69
256.5
bbl/hr
4.415 x 10–2
0.6997
1.56 x 10–3
9.359 x 10–2
1
24
bbl/day
1.84 x 10–3
2.917 x 10–2
6.50 x 10–5
3.90 x 10–3
4.167 x 10–2
1

To convert from a unit shown in the left column, multiply by the factor listed in the column for the desired unit.

Common Molecular Biology Conversion Factors

Factor
Value
Molecular weight (ave.) of DNA base pair
649 Da
Molecular weight (ave.) of amino acid
110 Da
1 g/ml DNA
3.08 µM phosphate
1 g/ml of 1 kb DNA
3.08 nM 5’ ends
1 mol pBR322 (4363 bp)
2.83 g
1 pmol linear pBR322 5’ ends
1.4 g
1 A260 double-stranded DNA
50 µg/ml
1 A260 single-stranded DNA
37 µg/ml

1 kb DNA: 333 amino acids of coding capacity = 36,000 Da

6.5 x 105 Da of double-stranded DNA (sodium salt)

3.3 x 105 Da of single-stranded DNA (sodium salt)

3.4 x 105 Da of single-stranded RNA (sodium salt)

10 kDa protein = 91 amino acids = 273 nucleotides

Acid Base Concentrations


Composition of concentrated reagent-grade acids, ammonium hydroxide, and sodium and potassium hydroxide solutions (with dilution directions to 1M and 1N solutions)
Chemical
Formula Weight of Reagentaa
Approximate Density
Approximate Strength of Concd. Reagentb
Assay Limits % w/w
Molarity of Concd. Reagent
Milliliters of Concd. Reagent Necessary to Prepare 1 Liter of 1 Molar Solutionc
Normality of Concd. Reagent
Milliliters of Concd. Reagent Necessary to Prepare 1 Liter of 1 Normal Solutionc
Acetic Acid(CH3COOH)
60.052
1.05
99.8
99.7 - 99.9
17.4
57.5
17.4
57.5
Formic Acid (HCOOH)
46.026
1.13
90
88.0 - 92.0
23.6
42.5
23.6
42.5
Hydrochloric Acid (HCI)
36.461
1.18
37.2
36.5 - 38.0
12.1
82.5
12.1
82.5
Hydrofluoric Acid (HF)
20.006
1.19
49
48.0 - 51.0
28.9
34.5
28.9
34.5
Nitric Acid (HNO3)
63.013
1.41
69.6
69.0 - 70.0
15.6
64
15.6
63
Perchloric Acid (HCIO4)
100.458
1.67
70.5
70.0 - 72.0
11.7
85.5
11.7
85.5
Perchloric Acid (HCIO4)
100.458
1.67
61.3
60.0 - 62.0
9.5
105.5
9.5
105.5
Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)
97.995
1.71
85.5
85.0 - 87.0
14.8
67.5
44.4
22.5
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
98.073
1.84
96
95.0 - 98.0
18
55.5
36
28
Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH)
35.046
0.90
56.6d
-
14.5
69
14.5
69
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
39.997
1.53
50.5
50.0 - 52.0
19.4
51.5
19.4
51.5
Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)
56.105
1.45
45
45.0 - 46.0
11.7
85.5
11.7
85.5
  • Based on Atomic Weight Table (32C = 12).
  • Representative value, w/w %.
  • Rounded to nearest 0.5 ml.
  • Equivalent to 28.0 % w/w NH3.

Atomic Weights

The atomic weights of many elements are not invariant but depend on the origin and treatment of the material. The footnotes to this table elaborate the types of variation to be expected for individual elements. The values of Ar(E) given here apply to elements as they exist naturally on earth and to certain artificial elements. When used with due regard to the footnotes they are considered reliable to ±1 in the last digit, unless otherwise stated. Values in parentheses are used for radioactive elements whose atomic weights cannot be quoted precisely without knowledge of the origin of the elements; the value given is the atomic mass number of the isotope of that element of longest known half-life.


Pure & Applied Chemistry 63, pp. 975–990 (1991); Pure & Applied Chemistry 64, pp. 1519–1534 (1992); Chemistry International 16, p. 68 (1994).



Atomic Weights of the Elements, 1991 - Scaled to the relative atomic mass,
Ar(12C) = 12

  • Element for which the value of Ar is that of the radioisotope of longest half-life. .
  • Element for which range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise Ar(E) being given; the listed value should be applicable to any normal material. .
  • Element for which geologically exceptional specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for normal material. The difference between the atomic weight of the element in such specimens and that given in the table may exceed considerably the implied uncertainty. .
  • Element for which modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because it has been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic separation. Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given in the table can occur.

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